Aristotle & Socrates Essay

Philosophy comes from the classical roots meaning the love of lore. Philosophers be someones who apply a compelling need to pursue wisdom. Since the pedigree of time, wise man and women have dedicated themselves to asking Big Questions. Depending on the questions, there are discordant areas of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemological, axiology, ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, social philosophy, and logic. Homework Make a Creative representation of someone (fictional or real) you consider a wise person. Be prepared to present it in class and explain what characteristics desexualize a person wise.Arche types Archetypes are basic images that represent our conception of the essence of a certain amiable of person. usu all(prenominal)y considered to be shared by all of humanity throughout time. Philosophical archetypes are philosophers who express an original or influential point of view in a way that signifi low livelinesstly come upons subsequent philosophe rs and non-philosophers. Western philosophy has been dominated by males of European ancestry. Relativism- Relativism is the belief that sleep together is determined by specific qualities of the observer.In other words, absolute (universal) association of the justice is impossible one opinion is as redeeming(prenominal) as another. Philosophy week 2 Pre- Socratic philosophy Asian keen-sighteds and the sage The Sage The sage is an archetypal fig. Who combines religious inspiration with a love of wisdom? Found in ancient Asia, they are the oldest philosophical archetypes, identifying happiness and teaching the good life. Asian cosmology is not ground on empirical (numbers, data, statistics) or scientific evidence.It contends (argues) that every involvement is workingharmoniously, following the Tao (Force or flow of energy in life), or the path or the way There is no separation between heaven and earth, foretell and human, but is working together all is one truth containing yi n and yang. Yin represents earth, weakness, darkness, negative, and destruction. Yang represents heaven, strength, light, positive and construction. One cannot live without the other, holding the universe in offset. Think Lao-tzu Confucius Siddhartha Gautama The Sophists (Meaning Wise in Greek) First professional educators, Charged fee to teach.Argued that the balance between a good and bad argument is custom and individual preference, nothing is bad or good in nature. They argued for relativism, both cultural and individual. diary 3 Read pages 59-60 Reflect upon ways you have been a victim of ethnocentrism. Reflect upon ways you are ethnocentric Reflect ways America is ethnocentric. Since 911. The some torso Socrates (470-399 B. C. E) was the first major western philosopher. He wrote no philosophy and what we know of him comes chiefly from his pupils Plato and Xenophon.Socrates challenged the sophists doctrines of relativism and moral world he often taught that beauty and good ness determined by utility (If it serves a economic consumption) His Teachings Socrates is most illustrious for his style of philosophical inquiry known as the Socratic Method or dialectic. Education is suppose to draw knowledge out of you instead of riding with you like an empty vessel. Among his teachings, his most persistent pedagogyal activity was know you. Believing an unexamined life was not worth living, he saw himself as a resistant of Physician of the soul. He believed that the real person is not the body, but the physics-mind-soul. Journal 5 Read the campaign and death of Socrates on pages 110-115 How does death and his art of dying relate to his teachings History Plato was a member of the Athenian aristocracy and Socratess most favorite and important student Athenian democracy was irrational riffraff rule. Founded famous academy to educate wise rulers In Platos metaphysics, the highest level of reality consists of timeless essences called cast of characterss. Pla tonic forms are independently existing, noncapital some-things Plato divided reality into to two worlds dualism.The highest level of reality is constant and changeless being. The other is the evolving physical world, known as the coming gibe to Plato the sophists could not discover rightfulness because they were preoccupied with the world of ever changing perceptions and customs. For Plato the chief explicition between knowledge and opinion is that knowledge is fixed, absolute and eternally received. Whereas opinion is unanchored and changeable. agree to plait opinion lives in the realm of becoming truth and knowledge are found on the level of being. The Divided line 133-135.The simile of the cheer 135-137 The allegory of the cvae137-139 The divided line A+B= World of Forms (Being, Knowledgeable) C+D= Physical world (Becoming Opinion) Metaphysics Epistemology(study of knowledge) high Forms(Example the good) A Understanding Lower Forms(Example Form human) B Reasoning S ensible Objects (Example aim Teresa) C. Perception Images(Example Mother Teresas Photograph) D. Imagination Simile of the sun Plato compared the absolute form of the good to the sun the good makes the cosmos of everything else possible.The good cannot t be observed by the five senses and can be known completely by pure thought or intelligence. It is the consultation of both the value and the existence of all other forms. Allegory of the cave In the allegory for the cave, Plato categorized ternion levels of awareness by referring to three distinct levels of reality two levels of becoming and one ultimate level of being. Lowest aim No resourcefulness or perception Informed level Wider range of basic understanding. Awakening Highest level head has no need for perception or interpretation.The Republic (Socrates book for perfect utopia) Plato agreed that there is a bilateral relationship between the individual and the kind of society in which he or she lives. The ideal aver , for Plato, meets three basic characteristics 1) Nourishing needs, 2) Protection needs 3) Ordering needs These needs are best met by three classes Workers, Warriors, Guardians or Philosopher Kings. The republic contrasts two views of morality. The instrumental theory of morality asserts that right and wrong essential be determined by the consequences our actions produce.The functionalist theory of morality holds that right and wrong can only be understood in terms of the way they affect our overall functioning as human beings. According to Plato, the just state functions fully the unjust state is dysfunctional, only when all classes of citizenry are unadulterated according to their natures is the state whole, healthy, balanced and just. In order to be a just human being, balanced. Virtuous. temperance, courage, wisdom, justice(essence and balance of the soul) Plato thought the worst kind of Gov. was a tyranny. And democracy was a tyranny.Democracy makes little tyrants out of e verybody. Journal 6 According to Platos philosophy, please answer these questions Carefully explain the relationship of the individual to the state in Platos Republic. Why is the relationship significant? What does Plato see as the most unjust type of person and state? Do you agree? Explain. Explain the origin and nature of democracy according to plan. Aristotle The person Aristotle was Platos most illustrious student and went on to be the personal tutor of horse parsley the great. He eventually created his own school called the lyceum.In contrast to Plato, Aristotle introduced the idea of naturalistic or scientific knowledge gained from collecting facts and usual factual info to make the world a better regularize. Aristotle was a naturalist. realness if the belief that reality consists of the natural world and that the universe is order. Everything follows discoverable laws of nature. His Philosophy Aristotle believed that form and matter can be intellectually separated but cann ot live independently in reality. The form of something is called its essence. Matter is the vernacular physical material stuff but it has no distinct characteristics without a form.Aristotelian form is that which is in matter and makes thing is what that is. So, individual things are formed matter. Aristotle argued that complete understanding of a thing needful identifying its four causes. 1st cause Material cause, the material thing is made of Cause formal cause. The form the thing takes cause Efficient cause, the triggering motion that begins the thing Cause Final cause, the Telis, or the ultimate purpose for which the thing exists. In living things, Aristotle called the final cause, Entelechy, meaning having its purpose within.He believed every living thing had an inner urge or a drive to become its unique self. He believed nature was ordered and guided internally. Journal 7 Consider the mentions on page 153. Please write a a couple of(prenominal) paragraphs for each one d escribing what they mean to you and how they relate to you. For Aristotle, psyche or soul is the form of the body. Soul is entelechy. interchangeable every other instance of form and matter, for Aristotle the soul cant be separated from the body and its body and its impossible to affect the body without also affecting the soul or to affect the soul without affecting the body.Aristotle taught that humans had a hierarchy of three kinds of souls, each higher level containing the aspects of the begin levels 1st level Lowest soul called vegetative or Nutritive, responsibility for absorption 2nd Level the sentient or sensitive soul, registers all info regarding form of other things. 3rd Level Highest Soul found in humans only, called rational soul, and includes the other two plus the capabilities for analysis, understanding relationships and decision-making. According to Aristotle the good is that which all things aim.It is their entelechy Eudemonia which often translated to happiness m eans being really alive rather than just existing. According to Aristotle happiness requires activity good habits and practical wisdom. Aristotelian moderation is based on the concept of wisdom hitting the distinguish between too very much and not enough Virtue consists of hitting the class or the mean but vice consist of being off by too much (excess) or too little (Deficiency) Journal 8 Read pages 172-176 Explain the importance of hitting the mark and character to Aristotles concept of happiness What is the principle of meaning?Philosophy study guide Academy- Alexander the Great An Unexamined Life Aristotelian Forms Aristotles Hierarchy of souls Aristotles Idea of a Good life Aristotles Teacher Entelechy Hitting the mark Lyceum Naturalism Platos 3 classes of people Platos feelings toward democracy Democracy Platos four cardinal virtues Platos teacher Platonic Forms Simile of the sun Socrates Death sentence Temperance The republic Three levels of human souls Tyranny ledger 1 e rudition Knowledge Theoretical Knowledge Practical Knowledge Belief Mere Belief Willed Ignorance Definition and Examplesjournal 2 Write how each of the eight paths are relevant in todays world journal 4 Socrates electric shock effect on Athens resulted in death, however it gave him a place in history as a great thinker wise sage. From pages 87-95, read each quote in the margins Please write the quote that shocks you and Reflect upon its meaning to you. Absolute truth is Truth with a capital T. What do we know so far? Modern Philosophy(How do you know that its authorized? ) After Christianity began to grow, most Europeans turned to god as the ultimate source of wisdom and the church as the ultimate authority.However, by the 17th century scientific ad advancements and the decline of the authority of a private church began the era of modern philosophy. It was a shift from metaphysics to epistemology. Rene Descartes(1596-1650) is the father of philosophy. He came up with rationa lism. Dcccd. edu then go to student services, then libraries. 3 ears of Western Philosophy- 1 Classical, what is truth? essentialism Modern- How do you know its true? Rationalism Rationalism is the epistemological position in which reason is said to be the primary source of all knowledge.Rationalist believe in the coherence theory of truth that new or unclear ideas should be evaluated in terms of rational or logical consistency and in relation to already established truth. Rationalism says that abstract reasoning can produce absolutely certain truths about reality and that some truths can be discovered without observation, experiment or experience. These truths are innate ideas or a priori ideas. A priori can be known without experience or experiment but Posteriori ideas are derived from experience and experiment.However he arrived at the cogito, ergo sum, latin for I think, therefore I am. This, along with a satisfactory belief in god, stood as his undoubtable truth. Journal 9 Pl ease do the philosophical queries(Green Boxes) on pgs. 252 and 253 Jeremy Bentham- resurrected hedonism, in direct response to the conservative ruling class in Britain. The result he created the superior happiness principle also known as the Principle of Utility, that states we should always act to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.Benthams hedonic calculus was a crude method of reducing stress to easy calculation of units of pleasure versus units of pain. Psychological hedonism- pain and pleasure determine what we shall do Ethical hedonism- pain and pleasure point to what we ought to do. Bentham extended the ethical reach of the pleasure principle beyond the human community to whatsoever creature with the capacity to suffer. He argued that insisting that animals deprivation moral worth was akin to racism. John stuart tarry He believed that there is an empirical basis supporting his claim that refined pleasures to crude ones.Mill disagreed with Bentham tha t all motives are egotistic and based his more refined philosophy in the social feelings of all people for unity with each other. Mill believed in the possibility of altruism, the capacity to promote wellbeing of others, he argued that the wishing of altruistic feelings and ignorance of the higher pleasures were products of poor education and harsh conditions, not quality of human nature. According to mill, the selfishness and lack of mental cultivation are the chief causes of unhappiness, and can be cured with a proper education and legislation.