Graves Disease Essay -- Graves disease Biology Essays

Graves Disease The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755- 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published posthumously in 1825.However Graves disease is named after the Irish physician who described several cases in London Medical Journal in 1835. Graves disease is also known as Parrys disease. In Europe, the disease is known as Basedows disease. It is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (the morbid condition due to over act of the thyroid gland).The disorder has three major manifestations Hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter Ophthalmopathy and Dermopathy The three manifestations need not appear together. Indeed one or both never appear, and moreover, the three may run courses that be largely independent of one an some other.Graves disease can occur at any age nevertheless is unusual before puberty. It most commonly affects the 30 to 50 year age group. The disease is more frequent in women, the ratio of predominance in wom en may be as high as 7 1.Genetic factors play a role. There is an association between the disease and the genes HLA ( human leucocyte antigen) B8, -DRw3, -Bw36, -Bw46. Indeed, a 50% concordance is found between identical twins. This means that if one individual in an identical pair of twins is afflicted with Graves disease, the likelihood of the other sibling coming down with Graves is 50%.Being an autoimmune disease, in that respect is a clinical and immunologic overlap between Graves disease and other diseases with undischarged autoimmune features. These include Hashimotos thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE), rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM), and Addisons disease.Thyroid hormones are important mediators of growth and differentiation. The absence of which leads to cretins in childhood. The hormones are also liable for the regulation of the various metabolic pathways which are vital for life. They are neces sary for the normal function of many organ systems.In the thyroid gland, multiple follicles make, throw in and release thyroid hormones into the surrounding capillaries. These little vessels then bring the hormones to the rest of the body where they are needed.Thyroid hormones refers mainly to two hormones T3 and T4, which are single, amino acids containing iodine. They are p... ...tient is willing to take replacement Thyroxine for life, the simplest approach may be the use of radioiodine. There are communication channels for and against giving radioiodine to children and young persons who plan to have children. Previously, clinicians are unwilling to advise its use under the age of 45. This restriction is now rapidly being laxed as there is no convincing evidence that there is significant increase in the incidence of cancers occurring in adulthood secondary to its usage. Radioiodine can ensure that mothers are not taking anti- thyroid drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Th erefore, an argument can be made for using this treatment method for all age groups except when pregnant or breastfeeding.Relapse of Graves disease after medical therapy may be managed with a second course, but at this point radioiodine is preferred. During pregnancy and breastfeeding periods, PTU ( propylthiouracil) appears to be the safest drug to use. And surgery is advised in cases with the presence of consequent suspicious nodule.Each of the 3 major treatments ( anti- thyroid drugs, surgery and radioactive iodine) has their own advantages and disadvantages compared to the others.

One Day at Work Essay -- Descriptive Writing Examples

One Day at Work Every day, I followed the same old routine. Get up, eat breakfast, run across my work vest, get dressed, leave. White polo shirt, jeans, and sneakers. Little red PharMor vest. Every single day. No variation, no chance for change or creativity. When working somewhere as mundane as a grocery stock certificate, you almost pray that something exciting happens to you during the day. But never does a cashier hope to encounter a staggeringly irascible customer, the way that one summer day turned out for me. I followed my humdrum routine, arriving for work on time, punching in, and returning to the front to begin my shift. The store was mostly calm, except for the constant beeping of the registers, the bickering of elderly couples, and the hum of activity swirling about the managers desk. In other words, there was nothing out of the ordinary at all at good old PharMor. I was used to the noise, to the persnickety comments from customers, and to our sarcastic manag ers. Just when I thought Id heard all possible complaint, seen every possible accident - it got worse. ...

Classical American Pragmatism and Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Suicide Death Essays

Classical American Pragmatism and Assisted SuicideABSTRACT lot people to die whitethorn involve killing and/or alleviation of pain in a dying person. A dual commitment to the dodge of killing and the alleviation of pain raises the question of whether these two ways of helping people are always compatible. This paper addresses the question through use of sources in classical American pragmatism and contemporary bioethics. First, I apply Charles Peirces notion of pragmatism to the image of killing through consideration of the empirical consequences of substitute interpretations. James Rachels account of the distinction between active and passive euthanasia is critiqued in this analysis. Second, I examine what it means to relieve pain by relating Jane Addams concept of maternal nurturance to an ethic of care and opposition to killing. Utilizing these concepts, I apply William James notion of pragmatism as a method of mediating or straddling different a priori approaches to resolve the apparent incompatibility between pain relief and the avoidance of killing. To address social concerns raised by the practice of helping people to die, I propose a corrective insight of Addams, along with John Dewey, about the role of the philosopher as social critic. Thus understood, pragmatism is a means of avoiding abuses that may occur in the process. I conclude that so long as permissive practices are restrained sufficiently to avoid injustices, it is morally both practical and desirable to resist killing while relieving pain. Here is the doubt that triggers my inquiry I have two beliefs that are apparently at odds. The first is that we should never kill the second, that we should always attempt to alleviate pain. The apparent conflict between these beliefs arises from the fact that death may constitute the ultimate pain relief. Certain caveats confiscate to both beliefs. For example, killing in self-defense or to save others lives is acceptable, (1) and inflicting pain th rough medical interventions in order to cure or restore officiate is also acceptable. (2) In general, however, both beliefs dispose me, as Peirce would put it, (3) to distinct plans or habits of action avoidance of killing and provision of pain relief. In health care, the commitment never to kill implies that euthanasia is wrong, and the commitment to alleviate pain demands actions that may hasten the dying process.The question that arises from these two commitments is whether both can be sustained simultaneously. Can I always and in every case avoid killing and alleviate pain?

Effects of computers on society :: Computer Science

Effects of computers on societyInternetThe internet was a major break-through in computing. It enabled peopleto communicate and transfer information. The internet has been aroundfor about 30 years and is always changing. It has many diametrical uses.It can be utilize for video and teleconferencing, finding information,buying products, downloading programmes and music and more more. Ithink that the internet has helped society a great deal. On the otherhand, it does have its impairments as anything can be found on theinternet, whether it is good or lamentable. If the internet is in the wronghands it can be a very bad thing as it could be held responsible forthings like rape etc. I am saying this because it is very easy for anadult to go into a chat room and pretend that they are a teenager.They could then arrange to meet up with someone, and this person wouldbe thinking that they are a teenager. This is the disadvantage of theinternet, but I feel that the good points all over-po wer the bad.CCTVWithout CCTV, crime rates would be higher and many criminals would gouncaught. Thanks to CCTV, this has changed. CCTV allows severalcameras to film several different areas at the same time. If someonecommits a crime and it is caught on camera, it is then taken to courtand used as evidence against them. I think that this is another(prenominal) hugebenefit to todays society.Credit Card Use/FraudComputers allow people to use credit cards to pay for products thatthey buy in shops. This makes it much easier for people to buysomething instead of having to pay with cash or a cheque, which takesa while to clear they can just pay instantly with a card. Fraud isone major problem faced with credit cards. If the card it stolen, itwould be relatively easy for someone to pay for products that they buywith the card, especially over the internet where no signature isrequired to make the payment. This is another disadvantage of theinternet, that anyones credit card can be used withou t consent. Ithink that, although guile is an issue with credit cards, credit cardsstill benefit society greatly.Availability of InformationThis topic links in with the internet, as well as using programmeslike encyclopaedias on the computer to find information. The internethas such a broad range of information on it that it would be almost infeasible to not find what you are looking for. Almost any word canbe typed into a search engine (e.g.

Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream :: A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Shakespeare

True tell apart never runs a smooth open. And this is quit evident in A midsummer Nights Dream. The young love of two people is far more powerful than one thinks. And at the end true love will prevail no matter what gets in the way.Hermia and Lysander are the two lovers where nothing goes their way. Their love is so strong that nothing shall get in the way of true love. Hermia is faced with a decision to marry Demetrius, the man she doesnt love, or be faced with death. The father of Hermia is the one setting up the marriage between the two. There love is so strong that they will let nothing break off them, so they run away together into the woods. This truly is a sign of true love. And that the coarse of true love never did run smooth. These two young lovers are willing to risk everything for love. The we have Helena, the sort of crazy girl will stop at nothing to win the heart of Demetrius. Even if it means hurting the others around her. The yet problem is that Demetrius is sup posed to marry Hermia. And this starts the endless struggle of love. So off into the woods Lysander and Hermia, but Helena tricks Demetrius into going to the woods to hoping he would see Hermia and Lysander together, then Demetrius would want Helena. The only thing that Helena didnt manage that it would make him mad when he saw them together. Now if there hasnt been enough trouble among the young lovers Oberon the fairy king decides to do something about the trouble. The only problem is that appoints his sidekick, if you call him, Puck to help out. Now Oberon knows the trouble between the young lovers so he calls on Puck to retrieve this love poisonous substance. And when that poison is put into the eyes of someone, they will fall in love with the first soulfulness they see when they awake. So this even makes everything else more complicated. Puck messes up and puts the poison in the wrong eyes. He was suppose to put it in the eyes of Demetrius, but he puts it in the eyes of Lys ander. And guess what happens, Helena is the first person Lysander sees. So now everything is crazy.

Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream :: A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Shakespeare

True savor never runs a smooth coarse. And this is quit evident in A Midsummer Nights Dream. The young love of two people is far more powerful than one thinks. And at the end authoritative love impart go for no matter what gets in the way.Hermia and Lysander are the two lovers where nothing goes their way. Their love is so strong that nothing shall get in the way of true love. Hermia is face up with a decision to marry Demetrius, the man she doesnt love, or be faced with death. The father of Hermia is the one setting up the marriage between the two. at that place love is so strong that they will let nothing stop them, so they run away together into the woods. This truly is a sign of true love. And that the coarse of true love never did run smooth. These two young lovers are willing to risk everything for love. The we have Helena, the sort of crazy girl will stop at nothing to win the heart of Demetrius. Even if it means hurting the others around her. The only problem is that De metrius is supposed to marry Hermia. And this starts the endless effort of love. So off into the woods Lysander and Hermia, but Helena tricks Demetrius into going to the woods to hoping he would see Hermia and Lysander together, then Demetrius would want Helena. The only thing that Helena didnt know that it would make him mad when he saw them together. Now if there hasnt been enough trouble among the young lovers Oberon the fairy king decides to do something rough the trouble. The only problem is that appoints his sidekick, if you call him, Puck to help out. Now Oberon knows the trouble between the young lovers so he calls on Puck to retrieve this love poison. And when that poison is put into the eyes of someone, they will fall in love with the archetypical person they see when they awake. So this even makes everything else more complicated. Puck messes up and puts the poison in the wrong eyes. He was suppose to put it in the eyes of Demetrius, but he puts it in the eyes of Lysan der. And guess what happens, Helena is the first person Lysander sees. So now everything is crazy.

Death penalty Essay

Introduction Over several years, the demise penalisation has existed among various countries, and used to eliminate killers who are considered passing dangerous in the society. According to various sources, the fear associated with the termination penalty discourages individuals with the propensity of conducting such inhumane crimes. Application of the death penalty, however, comes with mixed reactions from the society since several(prenominal) the great unwashed support it while others are against it due to various reasons.Therefore, this essay seeks to justify the rightfulness of the death penalty since it is associated with a significant level of reducing in malicious mars. Arguments against Death Penalty In a number of cases, the death penalty has resulted in various dis sickes for example, where clean-handed individuals have been convicted despite the circumstance that they were not involved in such crimes. Unfortunately, approximately of these victims were executed, or put on the death row just before the truth was established, and their innocence prove (Harris, 2012).From 1973, 11 Texans and 128 others across the United States have been set free and cleared from the death penalty as a result of proof of their wrongful reliance (All Voices, 2012). Generally, the death penalty is considered as the harshest sentence for any known felony. More so, it is the only punishment that go forth remain irreversible after the sentence has been made. When an bunco is found not guilty of committing the crime that direct to his imprisonment, they can always be set free and have their names cleared.However, where the convict had already been put to death, the punishment can never be reversed In no circumstance will saying sorry, we had the wrong person help the family of the victim, but will only increase their pain. Several people are usually against the idea of the death penalty due to the misadventure of executing innocent people. Such people would nev er want to imagine the risk of executing innocent people in fact for nearly ten years now innocence has resulted in the creation of a strong argument in death penalty dialogue. In this fight, abolitionists have played an important role especially wherethey have successfully pointed out the innocence in some convicts with the aid of post conviction DNA tests (Aronson & Simon, 2009). Arguments in Favor of Death Penalty On the other hand, the death penalty is considered as an eye for an eye and that all convicted killers should be executed in order to attain evenness. The around horrible felony warrants no less than the most horrible sentence, which should mean an eye for an eye. As such, the victims family should feel that the offender was given the most intense judgment other than just cosmos locked up in a prison and keep enjoying their life.In many unfortunate cases, the murderers have been given a life sentence without a possibility of parole, and they have managed to live for longer periods than their actual victims actually lived on earth. To make the situation worse, such inmates live a comfortable life in prison, getting three meals per day and an afternoon to practice, while the victims family lives a life of anguish. Denis Rader (BTK), born and raised in Wichita, Kansas, was an beautiful example of a real notorious serial killer that used to bind, torture and kill his victims without any mercy (Harris, 2012).In one of his dreadful attacks, he killed an 11-year old girl called Josephine Otero by hanging her from a drain pipe (Harris, 2012). Unfortunately, the murderer was given a 175 years sentence despite the fact that he killed an entire family, as well as other innocent people (Harris, 2012). Actually, it is not justified for a murderer to live while innocent people suffer death Rader did not have the right to torture and kill his victims, so it is not justified that he was granted a right to his life.In several cases, some of the most dangero us killers have only spent their life in prison. As such, is there anything, or a particular sentence that could assist in reducing the intensity of murders within the society? Several studies have indicated that the fear of death discourages people from committing various targeted crimes. Capital punishment would serve as an excellent solution since it would assist in trim backing murder crimes hence, it would serve as a perfect crime preventive solution. As such, mostcriminals would think in two ways before killing their victims since they would realize the fact that their lives were at stake for any murder act. I would say that the use of the death penalty could certainly lower the incidences of violent murders since this would play a crucial part in the elimination of cruel repeat offenders. In connection, statistics show that there are approximately 20,000 murders each single year within the United States, which drastically increased from 10,000 deaths per year after the dea th penalty was dropped in some states (Boys, 2012).The elimination of the death penalty, 1965 therefore, led to increase in the number of murders by about 10,000 people per year (Boys, 2012). With these statistics, it is evident that murderers commit more murders due to the knowledge that the worst they could get for murder is life imprisonment. This means that bringing back the death penalty would help in the reduction of brutal murders by repeat offenders. However, the death penalty should be implemented where the evidence for murder can be proved beyond any reasonable doubt so as to avoid executing innocent victims. ConclusionIt is evident that the arguments in favor of implementing the death penalty far much outweigh those against its implementation. I would then mention the fact that the death penalty will assist in lowering cases of malicious murders within the society, as well as serve as the best sentence when compared the affliction of the victims family. Hence, I conclude this essay by supporting the fact that implementation of the death penalty is justified because it assists in the reduction of malicious murders at the same time, remains the best punishment for convicted murderers.

Body, Perception and Identity in ‘the Birthmark’ and ‘Hands’

Social sciences have often dealt with the relationship between a persons torso figure and his or her self-image. In this respect, the sociologist Carolina Gonzalez Laurino (2008 23) claims that la construccion social de la identidad se encuentra en estrecha relacion con la auto-percepcion del cuerpo. However, the image an mortal has of his or her own figure may be affected by other piles perception. In the case of The Birthmark, by Nathaniel Hawthorne and Hands, by Sherwood Anderson, the body plays a central role because it determines the characters identities and the way they interact with others.It is the purpose of this essay to explore the ways in which the characters of Georgiana and annex construct and alter their identity and self-image by the way in which their anatomies are described and treated by others. In The Birthmark, Georgianas self-image undergoes two major changes under the influence of male perception. At first, nearly of her lovers admire the birthmark Many a desperate swain would have risked his life for the privilege of pressing his lips to the mysterious hand. (Hawthorne 284) For this reason, Georgiana believes that the mark on her left facial expression is a feature of which she should be proud. Later, however, this view of her mark changes due to the influence of her husbands words and actions after asking Aylmer about the words he uttered in his sleep and seeing his reaction Aylmer sat in his wifes presence with a guilty feeling (Hawthorne 286) Georgiana urges Aylmer to remove the birthmark no matter the consequences let the attempt be made at whatever cost (Hawthorne 286).Gradually, she starts to feel her husbands hatred herself, and this repulsion is step up to the point in which she would rather die than carry on living with the mark for life, while this hateful mark makes me the object of your horror and disgust, life is a burden which I would fling down with joy (Hawthorne 286). In Sherwood Andersons story, the main char acters life is dramatically changed by the communitys perception of his hands.As a young man, he has a positive view of his hands because they are the means through which he expresses himself By the caress that was in his fingers he expressed himself. (Anderson 31-32) However, when the community in Pennsylvania turns against him, the way in which they talk about the hands changes his perception of that part of his body Although he did not understand what had happened he felt that the hands must be to blame.Again and again the fathers of the boys had talked about the hands. (Anderson 33). As a result, Wing constantly tries to keep his hands, and every time he speaks to George, he tries to occupy them in some insignificant activity so as to prevent them from expressing something undesirable. However, one afternoon, when Wing is talk of the town to the young reporter, he loses control of his hands for a moment and they move freely and caress the boy.This situation deeply disturbs Biddlebaum With a convulsive movement of his body, Wing Biddlebaum sprung to his feet and thrust his hands deep into his trouser pockets- Tears came to his eyes (Anderson 30). Furthermore, the fear he feels because of what his hands may be capable of causing changes his personality from a confident, sociable member of the community to that of a timid man who chooses to isolate himself. This significant change is also reflected by the fact that he moves to a divers(prenominal) city and changes his last name to Biddlebaum.In this regard, the effect that the perception of the community of Winesburg has is shown by the part they take in the creation of his new identity the hands restless activity () had given him his name (Anderson 28). From the aspects analyzed above, it can be concluded that the image each of these characters has of him or herself is greatly influenced by other peoples perception. The way in which either their whole bodies or parts of them are viewed affects who the y believe they are and the way they interact with those around them.

Liverpool one shopping development Essay

Liverpools CBD needed regeneration for a variety of reasons. During WW2, it was bombed heavily, due to it organism a major port for resources from the USA. During the 1960s, it was rebuilt too quickly and then fell into disrepair before 2000, when the design and infrastructure was outdated. Many parts of the city, especially the CBD suffered from urban decline, with its population move by 50% and 45% of its industry also leaving. In addition, Liverpool faced competition for shopping by nearby Manchester and Chester, as well as out-of-town shopping centres like the Trafford Centre.Therefore, Liverpools CBD needed regeneration to be more attractive to consumers, and regain its spot in the top 5 shopping destinations in the UK. Liverpool One, the project to rejuvenate Liverpools CBD was completed in 2008. It was opened in phases on 29 May and 1 October 2008, with the final residential lots start in early 2009. In the same year, Liverpool was named as the European Capital of Culture. I ts total cost is approximately ? 1billion, with 42 acres of Liverpool city centre being redeveloped. It includes 3000 parking spaces, 169 stores or services, as well as a 5 acre park, and 500 new apartments.It also contains a 14-screen cinema and a 36-hole adventure play centre. Shops present include Debenhams, John Lewis, Ted Baker, Waterstones, Starbucks, Topshop and Caffe Nero. These atomic number 18 all mainly comparison, high-order goods which are chain stores. The area is indoor, yet also mainly open-air. It is of a modern design, and is cardinal storeys tall. There are many cafes and food areas, with many benches. There are also electronic maps and information panels across the centre. The pedestrian areas are wide and escalators are available to proceed to the higher floors.There have also been other improvements in the CBD, such as the rejuvenation of the Docks and the introduction of the Merseytram tram line in the CBD. As well as this, many roads and smaller streets in Liverpool have been rejuvenated and rebuilt as part of the redevelopments. Areas such as Princes Dock and the Kings Waterfront have seen intelligent redevelopments. These have been to attract more tourists and shoppers to the CBD. The project has overall been successful as of yet, with 83% of consumers thinking that the city centre has improved.91% of people said they were apt(predicate) to return to Liverpool, and enjoyed the experience. And now, 40% of the shops in Liverpool One are new to the city, showing the popularity of the area. The previously redeveloped Albert Dock has been receiving an extra 100000 visitors per week, with Liverpool One itself receiving over 120000 visitors in the start-off day, and 13 million in the first year. It is safe the say the rejuvenation of Liverpools CBD has been a success, and that Liverpool One has played a big part in reversing the effect of urban decline.

Psycho-sexual Development

Psychosocial Stage Is the spirit level that Is based on an organ that gives pleasure during a certain part of development. This organ Is an erogenous zone during that stage of life that plenty make us feel good. The psychosocial stage has five divers(prenominal) stages, namely oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent period stage and genital stage. The first stage is oral stage experiencing this stage makes me feel that my mouth and lips are the center of pleasure.I experienced universe fixated, like I was over eating, talking too much and biting sarcasm. The second psychosocial stage is anal stage, which we can experience when we are two to three years of age. We slant to eliminate waste any time and anywhere. This problem can be solve through what we call jakes provision. Learning to do so can help Individual to develop pleasure of holding their waste to please their mothers. Some Individual are late bloomers and they tend to regulate toilet training until they were f ive years old.I remember when I was 3 years of age, I am already trained about this toilet training thats wherefore my parents told me one of the unforgettable words I heard, *very good we dont need you to wear diaper an There are lot of advantages learning toilet training during anal stage, the best of the advantages is the lesser use of diaper. The third stage is phallic stage this can be experienced when we are around quad to six years of age. At this age, we learned the difference between male and effeminate.During phallic stage, male gets Jealous of his ether and feels like wanting to replace him. phallic individuals at this age can also feel castration anxiety, the fear of castration meaning being afraid to be circumcised. On the other hand, female Individuals feel Like blaming their mother for not Glenn them pennies Like the male ones have. I experience this blaming thing when I tried to pee like my brother. During phallic stage males excessively concerned being masculine in appearance and actions while females feels excessive need and demand for equality treatment with men.The fourth stage is the latent period stage, latent means hidden. This stage can be experienced when we are six to twelve years old. In this stage, we tend to play music and different Instruments, and play different sports we love. No further psychosocial development takes place during this stage. The fifth and last stage is genital stage, In this stage the focus Is on ones genitalia, their have got sex organ as their erogenous zone for pleasure. This can be experienced from thirteen years old onwards this Is also the stage of being curious about sex.The individual develops a strong sexual rest of a persons life. Studying and experiencing psychosocial stage gives me a lot of knowledge about when and why individual experience these stages during birth up to the present age. Also, studying psychosocial stage gave me more views and helped me answer different questions inside my mi nd. Most of all, it lessens my curiosity. By studies and experiences I can share different lessons and story with different people, especially the young ones about how each one of us develops as we grow older.

English composition Task

Since my teenage I wanted to become a ready reckoner engineer and work for multinational fundamental law which not only pays well but also will have the opportunity to travel abroad. I am from a middle class Indian family where bearing the costs of studying from an side medium school is hard and yet my parents helped me study in English medium school. I studied English medium during all my schooling which helped me develop my literacy skills. I started learning data carry throughors since my 10th grade..This was the time of mid 1995 when the calculating machine classes were first base introduced in my school in India and I was one f the member of the first batches that was offered the basics of computer and little bit of programming. This was the beginning and I was getting interested to learn more about computers. We also had to take up a exam at the end of the course to prove our competency in the subject though it was not part of the 10th grade board exam. I scored 83 out o f 100 which gave me confidence that I can come through in this field of study.From there on during my 1 lth and 12th grade I took computer science as my distinction and also completed Bachelors story in computer science. After y graduation it was time to look for my dream Job but consulting with friends, family and seniors in college I realized that the degree that I earned is not Just enough to get my dream Job and due to my interest in Hardware and Networking I immediately Joined specialization course in computer hardware and networking which is a rigorous training for one year in a private institute to equip myself with the right skills and be competent to face the Job interviews.While pursuing the course, I got a Job from a small local computer hardware firm which I only worked for couple of days and quit as I was not able to continue the course. Immediately after completing specialization in computer hardware and networking I started looking for my dream job. I initially s tarted attending Job interviews of non multinational organizations to understand the interview process and also to know my weaknesses so that I could improve myself.The interview process usually includes four rounds, first round is the written test which comprises of aptitude test, English grammar, computer hardware and computer networking, second round is a group discussion or communication round where a topic will be given and we will posit to effectively discuss about the opic with proper tone and confidence, third round is a technical round where I will have to face an interview with computer hardware expert and final round will be with human resources personnel who will talk about the Joining process and beau monde policies and procedures if selected for the Job.After attending a few interviews for different organizations and not able to succeed through the interviews, I worked on my weakness and was able to finally obtain a Job in a multinational intormation technology organ ization Hewlett Packard in India as a Technical Support Engineer with the help of my literacy skills and technical competency. It was grand 11 2003, 9 pm when all the interview process was completed and confirmed that I got through the interview and secured a Job. That was the proudest and happiest moment in my behavior which was so sweet.My family also was so proud of me about my achievement. As I started working for Hewlett Packard I never looked back. I had to go through training process for another couple of months on Hewlett Packard products and also soft skills on how to talk to customers on phone. My Job included communicating with the United States customers of Hewlett Packard and help them fix some(prenominal) issues with the Hewlett Packard products. With the skills I obtained academically and professionally I was able to succeed in the Job which helped not only me to grow but also my family.After 2 historic period to further improve my literacy skills I pursued Master s Degree in computer applications from a distance education university in India while I was working. This further raise my competency and helped me secure a much better position at work. Thus my literacy skills helped me get my dream Job in a multinational organization which not only helped me grow personally and professionally but also my family grow economically. This is a dream come true.

The Concepts of Negative and Positive Peace

Firstly, it is eventful to provide some sort of outline of what the term peace itself means. During my research I came across the notes of the Irenees Peace workshop held in southeast Africa in May 2007. According to these documents Peace does not mean the total absence of any conflict. It means the absence of violence in all forms and the unfolding of conflict in a constructive way. Peace therefore exists where people atomic number 18 interacting non-violently and are managing their conflict positively with respectful attention to the legitimate involve and interest of all concerned.In terms of explaining the difference of negative and Positive peace this rendering seemed the most appropriate. Johan Galtung, who had been often referred to as the cause of peace studies distinguishes surrounded by negative peace and positive peace. Before I elaborate on these two concepts, Galtung grew up during World contend II in German-occupied Norway, where his father arrested was by the Nazis. By 1951 he was already a committed peace mediator, and elected to do 18 months of social service in place of his bounden military service.Galtung eventually insisted that his social service should be spent in activities promoting peace, which lead to the Norwegian authorities imprisoning him for 6 months. Galtungs theoretical work proposes that there are four ways in which conflict can emerge conflicts within a person or amongst persons conflicts between races, sexes, generations, or classes conflicts between states and conflicts between civilizations or multi-state regions. Peace, according to Galtung, is not just the absence of war.Because two nations are not at war does not mean they are in peace. invalidating peace refers to the absence of violence. When, for example, a ceasefire is enacted, a negative peace will ensue. It is negative because something undesirable stopped happening (e. g. the violence stopped, the oppression ended). The Cold War between the Soviet Uni on and the United States is the classic example, but look also to modern examples of negative peace between North and South Korea or Israel and Syria.Therefore, the mere absence of physical violence or war is a negative peace because the conditions that inevitably lead to violence persist. Positive peace refers to the absence of indirect and structural violence and includes a state of collaboration and support between states, nations, or members of a society. It is closely tied to positive content such as restoration of relationships, the creation of social systems that serve the needs of the whole population and the constructive resolution of conflict.Ironically I was not able to come about examples of any situations which would constitute an environment of positive peace. What I did come across was Galtungs insistence that peace studies shouldnt seek simply to reduce or end violence but rather to understand the conditions that lead to violence along with the conditions that mani fest peace. According to Galtung peace and violence need to be examined at all human levels if a state of positive peace is ever to be reached therefore instances of something such as inter-gender violence is equally as important as inter-state violence.It isinteresting that in the UN charter, peace is not thoroughly defined. Instead, it is referred to as a negative definition of peace (the lack of war) and not a positive definition (the lack of war plus just institutions, structural equality, etc). In other words, officially the UN as an organization works with a definition of peace as the lack of interstate war.

Cafs Half Yearly Notes

CAFS HALF wizard-year NOTES * P atomic number 18nting & sympathize with Becoming P bents and C arers Parenting The form of raising and nurturing electric razorren in a family Caring The edge of waying subsequently the call for and vigorous being of an other(a) person out-of-pocket to their shape up, malady and/or check Biological call forths The farm who has provided the genetic material, any spermatozoan or ovum, to create a foetus. Pregnancy aforethought(ip) Pregnancy Planned pregnancies involve a strategic choice on when to parent * There are physical, emotional and economic imp sets that result form this decision * A mean pregnancy is generally better for both the parents and claw Unplanned Pregnancy * whitethorn result from poor discernledge about contraception or the magnificence cycle or failure with contraception methods * Become pregnant due to a consequence of tragic circumstances much(prenominal) as rape back up reproductive technologies * In-vit ro fertilisation (IVF) and gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) are examples of helped reproductive technologies.This means help in terms of expertise and technology is physical exercised to aid planion. accessible Parents Many individuals corroborate parenting responsibilities towards a shaver with whom they do non share a genetic human blood. word meaning * Adoption is the process by which legal right of parenting of a pincer is given to a family or parent other than the biological parent. There are 3 types of credence 1. The child is already lay with prospective parents, such(prenominal) as a mis ingestion-parent 2. Local adoption & overseas adoption . Adoption of a child with superfluous reads Legal Implications * Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) & Family Law Act 1975 (Commonwealth) * All legal rights and responsibilities are transferred from the birth parents to the hold dear parents * The flip in parenting is permanent, so the birth parent wealthy persons all rights to the child. They whitethorn suffer the right to information and contact * The adoptive parents essential(prenominal)(prenominal) be either married or in a de-facto relationship or the step-parent must postulate lived with the child for 2 years or to a greater extentSocial Implications * Societys changing attitudes has resulted in badlyly a(prenominal)er adoptions, due to greater acceptance of single mothers & the use of the contraceptive pill * Decision of telling the child that he or she is adopt flush toilet be distressing to adoptive parents * The child must pound sprightlinessings of rejection by birth parents * Adoptive child verses the biological child acceptance if the parents confine other children rearing Fostering provides an alternative living arrangement for children whose parents are temporarily un adapted to bid for them in their family * The caregivers are volunteers who are paid a fortnightly allowance to help them meet the claim of the ch ild * Foster care stomach range from a few solar days to a few years and intromits * Temporary care, * Respite care * Pre-adoptive foster care * long term care * A child must be put into foster care if * They are considered to be at risk of harm Their rudimentary physical and emotional call for are not being met * There whitethorn be risk of abuse or exposure to domestic force Legal Implications * Foster care is regulated by legislation, such as Children and younker Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 (NSW) * Any person fostering children who is not related to them must stick a licence to foster. In NSW a license is issued by the part of Community go about various parenting issues * The foster carer make health check decisions or take legal proceedings on behalf of the child Social Implications Carers must encour eon contact with the young persons birth family and accept that he or she provide nigh likely return to their birth family * 30% of foster children have b een abused in their biological family * Problems amidst biological family and the foster child whitethorn force the foster family to take a restraining order Step Parenting * When a man or woman married or forms a de-facto relationship with a partner, who has a child or children from previous relationships, they become a step-parent * untried family members need to be real, roles and responsibilities must be shared Legal Implications A step parent has no legal responsibility towards the child * A step-parent who has acted as parent to a child for a long time, and who is now being divorced from the biological parent, whitethorn have visitation rights if judge decides that is best for the childs interests * If a child is adopted by a step parent, rights and inheritance from biological parents are lost Social Implications Community perception oftentimes holds that an intact original atomic family is superior to any variety of commix family a stepfamily whitethorn be seen as defic ient form of a nuclear family * Conflict flock total between the child and step parent, principal(a) relationships and responsibilities become a blur * Partners whitethorn have incompatible visions of family life and parenting flairs that may need to be discussed * Poor relationships with step parents are recognised as a significant factor in causing young people to dedicate home, with unresolved family issuesSurrogacy * An arrangement made between a couple who cannot have a nipper and a woman who gets pregnant on the couples behalf. The child is turn over to the couple after delivery * A woman may need a surrogate If she is * Infertile * Suffers from a serious medical condition * unruly diabetes * Cardiomyopathy * Moderate renal failure Surrogacy often means IVF word as the surrogate mother may use donor ova or sperm or the partners protest egg & sperm * The infertile couple must apply to adopt the child to be listed on the birth certificate as the childs legal parents * The court must get acquiesce from the surrogate mother to give up parental rights Legal Implications * Surrogacy is legally a grey area in NSW, it is neither prohibited or encourage * Very specific criteria needs to be established for both parties based on a honour agreement that is not legally binding * compensation cannot be madeSocial Implications * The surrogate mother may have an ongoing attachment to the baby after giving birth * If the surrogate mother goes back on the agreement, there may be great disappointment between the parties * Community accepted may be mixed, as surrogacy isnt a widely accepted practice * Surrogacy is very costly and may affect the parents economically * Social parents may change their mind and leave the baby with the surrogate mother who may not have the adequate resources or family arrest Carer RelationshipsCarers are people who look after the needs and wellbeing of other person due to their age, illness and/or disability. Carers may be paid or unpaid. Many circumstances may be planned and lead to a person requiring care, these included * A planned pregnancy * Adoption or fostering * epic parenting * Looking after an aged parent Some circumstances may be un allow fored and are unexpected and thus afford fewer preparations * An unplanned pregnancy * Grand parenting * Health problems * Accident * Birth abnormalities When the compassionate role has been planned, decision-making get out most likely be difficult-especially during initial stages * Both planned and unplanned care may require the primary carer to reallocate dwelling house roles Voluntary Carers * Voluntary carers are unpaid, they are regularly family members (parents, partners, siblings, friends or children) * Carers may undertake the caring role for a few hours a week or all day mundane * Some carers are eligible for government benefits * Voluntary carers are often women, with 71% of primary carers & 54% of all carers in Australia being women compensabl e Carers Paid carers undertake the role of caring as a form of employment and indeed receive monetary payment * Types of paid carers can include * Family day carer * Nanny * Doctor * Foster carer * Teacher * Nurse * Palliative carer Managing Parenting and Caring Responsibilities * With efficacious counseling strategies, a person is more likely to be able to achieve goals * Physical, tender, emotional and economic changes will need to occur during preparations for becoming a parent or carer Physical preparationsBiological Parenting * Optimise physical health before conception and during pregnancy * Maintain a healthy, equilibrise fast and start alive(predicate)ness of special needs during pregnancy * No use of inebriant or tobacco and other drugs * Participate in regular exercise * image regular paternal courses to learn about physical and emotional needs during pregnancy and birth * Attend regular appointments with a general practitioner to superintend the babys growth and development and undertake ultra sounds and other tests Social Parenting The physical preparations for social parenting are often similar to the first 4 points of biological parenting Caring * Participate in regular exercise to maintain optimum physical & emotional health * Maintain a healthy, balanced diet to ensure physical needs are met as caring can place a strain on wellbeing * Practise safe lifting skills to assist with the mobility needs of the mutualist * Practise how to give an injection or use an oxygen mask * Investigate and install physical aids in the home, such as railings and ramps Social preparationsBiological Parenting * Attend prenatal classes to meet others in the same situation- these friendships may continue after delivery * Investigate child unaffixed social activities in the local area * Locate parenting groups in the familiarity * Organise baby free-time with partner Social Parenting * Develop relationships with other parents, such as through childs sp ort and recreational activities * Locate parenting groups in the local community * Arrange child-free time with partner to develop and maintain consume relationship Caring * Enlist the moderate of family members Identify necessary erect groups, such as carers of people with dementia or cancer * Be aware of support groups, that cater for cultural and language differences * Let close friends know about the situation Emotional preparations Biological Parenting * Discuss moods and emotions with partner, family & friends * Investigate and practice relationship techniques Social Parenting * Discuss the concerns, fears and thoughts with the partner and other parents to identify with others and gain cleverness into possible actions and solutions * Recognise if help is required from a semiformal or informal support ne 2rk Caring Enlist in a support group to deal with varied emotions * Make friends with others in a similar situation-often carers lose touch with family and friends * Grie ve for changed personal situation but be aware of potential for depression and sources of help Economic preparations Biological Parenting * Plan for financial way prepare and stick to a budget * break and adjust funds, such as mortgage payments * Investigate maternity and paternity leave and nutrition in the workplace * Investigate payments from Centrelink Social Parenting * These actions are similar to the ones above Caring Plan for financial management prepare and stick to a budget * Analyse and adjust finances, such as mortgage payments * Investigate leave provisions in the workplace Factors influencing resource management in the caring relationship * The value and goals of parents and carers indoors relationships, such as families, provide the incentive for management and will therefore impact decision-making * Age, skills & capabilities and special needs of the dependent will influence both the resources identified by the parent or the carer and the strategies selected to effectively manage their parenting or caring role Age The age and maturity of the dependent will get word the level of care required * If a child has a disability or illness, it may not be possible to leave them on their birth at any time * An aged person may not require care just because they are elderly Skills & Capabilities * Once the dependent has positive a variety of personal skills and capabilities, it will be possible for he or she to contribute to the relationship and management resources * Skills may need to be interchanged or substitutedSpecial Needs * Special needs can refer to those of the dependent or the carer and can affect what service are needed either temporarily or permanent * Modifications mays be needed for housing in the form of ramps and railings * The parent may have the special needs and the young person is responsible to act as a carer * Services such as Centrelink payments may be required Resources * The resources that require management and prioritisa tion most often are time, energy, finance and housing. get to to services such as support networks is vital * Negotiating and using these resources can lead to difficulties in the caring relationship Time * The personal care of dependents, such as feeding and washing * Developing close relationships * Communicating and share activities * Personal pursuits (transporting children to sports training) Energy * Feeding, changing and playing with infants * Transporting adolescents to blank activities Shopping and providing house sustainment for an aged parent * Feeding and lifting a child, such as one with a cerebral palsy Finance * Finance is required to access some other resources required for parenting and caring such as material goods and formal support networks * Circumstances of the dependent relationship will determine the demands on finances Housing * Suitable housing is required to meet the needs of the dependent and carer * The family home may require modification Other hou sing choices can include a hostel or nursing home Access to Services * Educational schools and pre schools * Health doctors, hospitals, wee childhood centres * Homecare assistance Meals on Wheels, home care * Recreational libraries, sporting clubs and dance groups * Financial Centrelink * Housing Department of Housing, nursing homes and hostels, Ronald McDonald houses * Transport community transport, maxi-taxis * eldritch church, synagogues, mosques Management strategies The actions that will assist when the management of a specific situation is required * Strategies may be utilised unneurotic to achieve the desired goal * Management decisions involve the use of resources to achieve goals * The two most important factors that affect decision-making are the values of the family and the resources available to them * set determine that goals will be set and resources determine how well the goals will be achieved * Management strategies that are a starting point for action as the n eed to be applied to situations that are in need of managing * Identifying values context of use and prioritising goals * Establishing standards * Identifying resources and using them wisely * Maintaining a positive attitude * Encouraging cooperation * Aiming to have flexible attitudes when necessary * Sharing role allocation * Having effective time management * Developing sound planning procedures * Establishing routines * Using a problem-solving approach Recognising change not whether it is good or bad Parenting and caring relationships Roles in Parenting and caring * A variety of people play a role of parenting and caring within society. This role is associated with meeting the needs and wellbeing of the individual in care, as well as modelling behaviour that is acceptable to the wider society. Individuals and groups who adopt roles Parents Biological and social parents play an important role, the importance of providing love, support and encouragement as well as providing physi cal needs * Overtime the parenting role is increasingly shared between parents compared to the past as the female taking responsibility of the care of the child at home * Non- custodial parent the one who may have the child visit on the weekends and holidays parents (divorced/separated parents)Grandparents * Child-rearing passing on family traditions and culture * Children develop special affection for and interest in their grandparents * Increase emotional wellbeing, self-esteem, self-confidence * Grandparents may meet the needs of family members by assisting in childcare for their grandchildren * Valuable in providing economic, social & emotional support Relatives, including siblings Members form extended family can provide support to parents by being alternative role models meaning for sporting activities or leisure * Many adolescents take on responsibility for younger siblings baby sitting, transport, readying Teachers, including childcare staff * Physical needs providing play activities and encouraging a balanced diet * Intellectual needs teaching skills and knowledge * Social needs providing encouragement and support in learning to work ith others, following school rules and closure conflict * Cultural needs teaching children about the culture in which the way they live, history & traditions * Emotional needs developing self-esteem of students through intelligence and rewards, as well as teaching resilience and coping skills * Spiritual needs some schools a particular faith is taught and students have the opportunity for prayer, latria and fellowship Paid Carers The most convenient and expensive form of childcare is a nanny, the child can develop a bond with parents are everlastingly absent * Carers provide assistance to the aged, chronically ill or change Homecare helping with cooking and housework Significant others * Doctor can provide immunization and treat illnesses within children or assist with mental health issues * Neighbours and friends may provide practical assistance or occasional care for children if parent needs to run an errand * Social workers improve the socio-emotional wellbeing of a child or dependent by explaining the situation.The assist with the child, dependent, parent or carer to develop strategies to deal with hard situations Significance of gender roles and parenting * The mothers roles was originally nurturing and feeding while the father was the supplier and the disciplinarian * It has dramatically changed. E. g. fathers can receive paternity leave, to allow the bonding process with his child to begin earlier. Men also participate in more tasks at home to make sure the household functions correctly * Discipline and financial providers are seen as more shared responsibilities in contemporary familiesFactors influencing parenting and caring relationships Age * Age of parents and carers can influence the relationships developed with those in their care * With age comes take * Older adults may have carefully planned for parenting to occur at a time when finances and relationships are stable * Size of age gap can influence the relationship when the age gap is smaller, next relationships can develop Culture and religion Many people are born(p) into a culture which beliefs and customs are passed from one generation to another * Persons culture can be significant influence on nurturing and the development of parenting and caring relationships as sharing culture and belief can be a source of bonding * In the multicultural society conflict can ignite in relationships when cultural norms are different to one another * Adolescence and early adulthood can be a time when people are scrutinizing for identity, with religious exploration being a part of the process * Carers need to respect the religion and values of their dependents observant of their faith Education * The form of teaching may very from formal schooling to specific courses offered at TAFE. An meliorate parent or car er is more likely to be aware of support services available and have the confidence to use them * If a carer is formally competent or has significant experience in caring, the dependent will usually have a higher quality of care offered Gender * Because of socialisation, people of different genders behave distinctly and this carries through parenting and caring roles * A childs concept of female and male develops from observing parents behaviour * Demonstrating flexibility in household responsibilities linked to gender roles, reflects in slight conflict and greater cooperation * Expectations of parents hold for their children will influence their interaction with them and the other gender * In caring professions such as nursing, teaching and social welfare majority are females Previous experience and upbringing If a person comes from a positive family life and experiences this will be repeated for their own children feel more secure and valued and lead-in to stronger bonds * Nega tive experiences may lead the parent to reconsider the values from their own experience and upbringing Socioeconomic Status * Is influenced by the income received, level of education & the wrinkle of the parents * Some parents with high incomes are forced to work longer hours with less involvement in their childrens lives * A lower socioeconomic family enjoys low-cost recreational activities, such as bowling or camping opportunities for effective bonding and communication Media The media pervades all aspects of life in our society, individuals are exposed to behaviours and opinions that are explicit on television, radio & internet * Parenting and caring relationships may emulate interactions in relationships in the media without even realising that they are doing so * Internet websites such as Facebook and MySpace can interrupt with family time Style of parenting Authoritarian * characterises a demanding and inflexible parent who usually has a preconceived goal to achieve * allow children to put gnomish input into decisions that may affect them * this can result in the child being resentful and distant * My way or the highway Democratic * this style invites all family members to have a say in decisions made * children feel appreciated, especially when their ideas form part of the solutionCafs Half Yearly NotesCAFS HALF YEARLY NOTES * Parenting & Caring Becoming Parents and Carers Parenting The process of raising and nurturing children in a family Caring The process of looking after the needs and wellbeing of another person due to their age, illness and/or disability Biological parents The parent who has provided the genetic material, either sperm or ovum, to create a foetus. Pregnancy Planned Pregnancy Planned pregnancies involve a strategic choice on when to parent * There are physical, emotional and economic impacts that result form this decision * A planned pregnancy is generally better for both the parents and child Unplanned Pregnancy * May result from poor knowledge about contraception or the fertility cycle or failure with contraception methods * Become pregnant due to a consequence of tragic circumstances such as rape Assisted reproductive technologies * In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) and gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) are examples of assisted reproductive technologies.This means assistance in terms of expertise and technology is used to aid conception. Social Parents Many individuals have parenting responsibilities towards a child with whom they do not share a genetic relationship. Adoption * Adoption is the process by which legal responsibility of parenting of a child is given to a family or parent other than the biological parent. There are 3 types of adoption 1. The child is already placed with prospective parents, such as a step-parent 2. Local adoption & overseas adoption . Adoption of a child with special needs Legal Implications * Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) & Family Law Act 1975 (Commonwealth) * All legal rights and responsibilities are transferred from the birth parents to the adoptive parents * The change in parenting is permanent, so the birth parent loses all rights to the child. They may maintain the right to information and contact * The adoptive parents must be either married or in a de-facto relationship or the step-parent must have lived with the child for 2 years or moreSocial Implications * Societys changing attitudes has resulted in fewer adoptions, due to greater acceptance of single mothers & the use of the contraceptive pill * Decision of telling the child that he or she is adopted can be distressing to adoptive parents * The child must overcome feelings of rejection by birth parents * Adoptive child verses the biological child acceptance if the parents have other children Fostering Fostering provides an alternative living arrangement for children whose parents are temporarily unable to care for them in their family * The caregivers are volunteers who are paid a fortnightly allo wance to help them meet the needs of the child * Foster care can range from a few days to a few years and includes * Temporary care, * Respite care * Pre-adoptive foster care * Long term care * A child must be put into foster care if * They are considered to be at risk of harm Their basic physical and emotional needs are not being met * There may be risk of abuse or exposure to domestic violence Legal Implications * Foster care is regulated by legislation, such as Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 (NSW) * Any person fostering children who is not related to them must have a licence to foster. In NSW a license is issued by the Department of Community Services about various parenting issues * The foster carer make medical decisions or take legal proceedings on behalf of the child Social Implications Carers must encourage contact with the young persons birth family and accept that he or she will most likely return to their birth family * 30% of foster children ha ve been abused in their biological family * Problems between biological family and the foster child may force the foster family to take a restraining order Step Parenting * When a man or woman married or forms a de-facto relationship with a partner, who has a child or children from previous relationships, they become a step-parent * New family members need to be accepted, roles and responsibilities must be shared Legal Implications A step parent has no legal responsibility towards the child * A step-parent who has acted as parent to a child for a long time, and who is now being divorced from the biological parent, may have visitation rights if judge decides that is best for the childs interests * If a child is adopted by a step parent, rights and inheritance from biological parents are lost Social Implications Community perception often holds that an intact original nuclear family is superior to any variety of blended family a stepfamily may be seen as deficient form of a nuclear fa mily * Conflict can occur between the child and step parent, primary relationships and responsibilities become a blur * Partners may have different visions of family life and parenting styles that may need to be discussed * Poor relationships with step parents are recognised as a significant factor in causing young people to leave home, with unresolved family issuesSurrogacy * An arrangement made between a couple who cannot have a baby and a woman who gets pregnant on the couples behalf. The child is handed to the couple after delivery * A woman may need a surrogate If she is * Infertile * Suffers from a serious medical condition * Uncontrollable diabetes * Cardiomyopathy * Moderate renal failure Surrogacy often means IVF treatment as the surrogate mother may use donor ova or sperm or the partners own egg & sperm * The infertile couple must apply to adopt the child to be listed on the birth certificate as the childs legal parents * The court must get consent from the surrogate mothe r to give up parental rights Legal Implications * Surrogacy is legally a grey area in NSW, it is neither prohibited or encouraged * Very specific criteria needs to be established for both parties based on a honour agreement that is not legally binding * Payment cannot be madeSocial Implications * The surrogate mother may have an ongoing attachment to the baby after giving birth * If the surrogate mother goes back on the agreement, there may be great disappointment between the parties * Community accepted may be mixed, as surrogacy isnt a widely accepted practice * Surrogacy is very costly and may affect the parents economically * Social parents may change their mind and leave the baby with the surrogate mother who may not have the adequate resources or family support Carer RelationshipsCarers are people who look after the needs and wellbeing of another person due to their age, illness and/or disability. Carers may be paid or unpaid. Many circumstances may be planned and lead to a pe rson requiring care, these included * A planned pregnancy * Adoption or fostering * Grand parenting * Looking after an aged parent Some circumstances may be unplanned and are unexpected and thus afford fewer preparations * An unplanned pregnancy * Grand parenting * Health problems * Accident * Birth abnormalities When the caring role has been planned, decision-making will most likely be difficult-especially during initial stages * Both planned and unplanned care may require the primary carer to reallocate household roles Voluntary Carers * Voluntary carers are unpaid, they are regularly family members (parents, partners, siblings, friends or children) * Carers may undertake the caring role for a few hours a week or all day everyday * Some carers are eligible for government benefits * Voluntary carers are often women, with 71% of primary carers & 54% of all carers in Australia being women Paid Carers Paid carers undertake the role of caring as a form of employment and therefore recei ve financial payment * Types of paid carers can include * Family day carer * Nanny * Doctor * Foster carer * Teacher * Nurse * Palliative carer Managing Parenting and Caring Responsibilities * With effective management strategies, a person is more likely to be able to achieve goals * Physical, social, emotional and economic changes will need to occur during preparations for becoming a parent or carer Physical preparationsBiological Parenting * Optimise physical health before conception and during pregnancy * Maintain a healthy, balanced diet and develop awareness of special needs during pregnancy * No use of alcohol or tobacco and other drugs * Participate in regular exercise * Attend regular paternal courses to learn about physical and emotional needs during pregnancy and birth * Attend regular appointments with a general practitioner to monitor the babys growth and development and undertake ultra sounds and other tests Social Parenting The physical preparations for social parentin g are often similar to the first 4 points of biological parenting Caring * Participate in regular exercise to maintain optimum physical & emotional health * Maintain a healthy, balanced diet to ensure physical needs are met as caring can place a strain on wellbeing * Practise safe lifting skills to assist with the mobility needs of the dependent * Practise how to give an injection or use an oxygen mask * Investigate and install physical aids in the home, such as railings and ramps Social preparationsBiological Parenting * Attend prenatal classes to meet others in the same situation- these friendships may continue after delivery * Investigate child friendly social activities in the local area * Locate parenting groups in the community * Organise baby free-time with partner Social Parenting * Develop relationships with other parents, such as through childs sport and recreational activities * Locate parenting groups in the local community * Arrange child-free time with partner to devel op and maintain own relationship Caring * Enlist the support of family members Identify necessary support groups, such as carers of people with dementia or cancer * Be aware of support groups, that cater for cultural and language differences * Let close friends know about the situation Emotional preparations Biological Parenting * Discuss moods and emotions with partner, family & friends * Investigate and practice relationship techniques Social Parenting * Discuss the concerns, fears and thoughts with the partner and other parents to identify with others and gain insight into possible actions and solutions * Recognise if help is required from a formal or informal support network Caring Enlist in a support group to deal with varied emotions * Make friends with others in a similar situation-often carers lose touch with family and friends * Grieve for changed personal situation but be aware of potential for depression and sources of help Economic preparations Biological Parenting * Pla n for financial management prepare and stick to a budget * Analyse and adjust finances, such as mortgage payments * Investigate maternity and paternity leave and provisions in the workplace * Investigate payments from Centrelink Social Parenting * These actions are similar to the ones above Caring Plan for financial management prepare and stick to a budget * Analyse and adjust finances, such as mortgage payments * Investigate leave provisions in the workplace Factors influencing resource management in the caring relationship * The values and goals of parents and carers within relationships, such as families, provide the incentive for management and will therefore impact decision-making * Age, skills & capabilities and special needs of the dependent will influence both the resources identified by the parent or the carer and the strategies selected to effectively manage their parenting or caring role Age The age and maturity of the dependent will determine the level of care required * If a child has a disability or illness, it may not be possible to leave them on their own at any time * An aged person may not require care just because they are elderly Skills & Capabilities * Once the dependent has developed a variety of personal skills and capabilities, it will be possible for he or she to contribute to the relationship and management resources * Skills may need to be interchanged or substitutedSpecial Needs * Special needs can refer to those of the dependent or the carer and can affect what services are needed either temporarily or permanent * Modifications mays be needed for housing in the form of ramps and railings * The parent may have the special needs and the young person is responsible to act as a carer * Services such as Centrelink payments may be required Resources * The resources that require management and prioritisation most often are time, energy, finance and housing. Access to services such as support networks is vital * Negotiating and using these resources can lead to difficulties in the caring relationship Time * The personal care of dependents, such as feeding and washing * Developing close relationships * Communicating and sharing activities * Personal pursuits (transporting children to sports training) Energy * Feeding, changing and playing with infants * Transporting adolescents to leisure activities Shopping and providing house maintenance for an aged parent * Feeding and lifting a child, such as one with a cerebral palsy Finance * Finance is required to access many other resources required for parenting and caring such as material goods and formal support networks * Circumstances of the dependent relationship will determine the demands on finances Housing * Suitable housing is required to meet the needs of the dependent and carer * The family home may require modification Other housing choices can include a hostel or nursing home Access to Services * Educational schools and pre schools * Health doctors, hospitals, ea rly childhood centres * Homecare assistance Meals on Wheels, home care * Recreational libraries, sporting clubs and dance groups * Financial Centrelink * Housing Department of Housing, nursing homes and hostels, Ronald McDonald houses * Transport community transport, maxi-taxis * Spiritual church, synagogues, mosques Management strategies The actions that will assist when the management of a specific situation is required * Strategies may be utilised together to achieve the desired goal * Management decisions involve the use of resources to achieve goals * The two most important factors that affect decision-making are the values of the family and the resources available to them * Values determine that goals will be set and resources determine how well the goals will be achieved * Management strategies that are a starting point for action as the need to be applied to situations that are in need of managing * Identifying values Setting and prioritising goals * Establishing standards * Identifying resources and using them wisely * Maintaining a positive attitude * Encouraging cooperation * Aiming to have flexible attitudes when necessary * Sharing role allocation * Having effective time management * Developing sound planning procedures * Establishing routines * Using a problem-solving approach Recognising change not whether it is good or bad Parenting and caring relationships Roles in Parenting and caring * A variety of people play a role of parenting and caring within society. This role is associated with meeting the needs and wellbeing of the individual in care, as well as modelling behaviour that is acceptable to the wider society. Individuals and groups who adopt roles Parents Biological and social parents play an important role, the importance of providing love, support and encouragement as well as providing physical needs * Overtime the parenting role is increasingly shared between parents compared to the past as the female taking responsibility of the care of the child at home * Non- custodial parent the one who may have the child visit on the weekends and holidays parents (divorced/separated parents)Grandparents * Child-rearing passing on family traditions and culture * Children develop special affection for and interest in their grandparents * Increase emotional wellbeing, self-esteem, self-confidence * Grandparents may meet the needs of family members by assisting in childcare for their grandchildren * Valuable in providing economic, social & emotional support Relatives, including siblings Members form extended family can provide support to parents by being alternative role models meaning for sporting activities or leisure * Many adolescents take on responsibility for younger siblings baby sitting, transport, cooking Teachers, including childcare staff * Physical needs providing play activities and encouraging a balanced diet * Intellectual needs teaching skills and knowledge * Social needs providing encouragement and support in l earning to work ith others, following school rules and resolving conflict * Cultural needs teaching children about the culture in which the way they live, history & traditions * Emotional needs developing self-esteem of students through recognition and rewards, as well as teaching resilience and coping skills * Spiritual needs some schools a particular faith is taught and students have the opportunity for prayer, worship and fellowship Paid Carers The most convenient and expensive form of childcare is a nanny, the child can develop a bond with parents are constantly absent * Carers provide assistance to the aged, chronically ill or disabled Homecare helping with cooking and housework Significant others * Doctor can provide immunisation and treat illnesses within children or assist with mental health issues * Neighbours and friends may provide practical assistance or occasional care for children if parent needs to run an errand * Social workers improve the socio-emotional wellbeing o f a child or dependent by explaining the situation.The assist with the child, dependent, parent or carer to develop strategies to deal with hard situations Significance of gender roles and parenting * The mothers roles was originally nurturing and feeding while the father was the provider and the disciplinarian * It has dramatically changed. E. g. fathers can receive paternity leave, to allow the bonding process with his child to begin earlier. Men also participate in more tasks at home to make sure the household functions correctly * Discipline and financial providers are seen as more shared responsibilities in contemporary familiesFactors influencing parenting and caring relationships Age * Age of parents and carers can influence the relationships developed with those in their care * With age comes experience * Older adults may have carefully planned for parenting to occur at a time when finances and relationships are stable * Size of age gap can influence the relationship when th e age gap is smaller, closer relationships can develop Culture and religion Many people are born into a culture which beliefs and customs are passed from one generation to another * Persons culture can be significant influence on nurturing and the development of parenting and caring relationships as sharing culture and belief can be a source of bonding * In the multicultural society conflict can erupt in relationships when cultural norms are different to one another * Adolescence and early adulthood can be a time when people are searching for identity, with religious exploration being a part of the process * Carers need to respect the religion and values of their dependents observant of their faith Education * The form of education may very from formal schooling to specific courses offered at TAFE. An educated parent or carer is more likely to be aware of support services available and have the confidence to use them * If a carer is formally qualified or has significant experience i n caring, the dependent will usually have a higher quality of care offered Gender * Because of socialisation, people of different genders behave distinctly and this carries through parenting and caring roles * A childs concept of female and male develops from observing parents behaviour * Demonstrating flexibility in household responsibilities linked to gender roles, reflects in less conflict and greater cooperation * Expectations of parents hold for their children will influence their interaction with them and the other gender * In caring professions such as nursing, teaching and social welfare majority are females Previous experience and upbringing If a person comes from a positive family life and experiences this will be repeated for their own children feel more secure and valued and leading to stronger bonds * Negative experiences may lead the parent to reconsider the values from their own experience and upbringing Socioeconomic Status * Is influenced by the income received, lev el of education & the occupation of the parents * Some parents with high incomes are forced to work longer hours with less involvement in their childrens lives * A lower socioeconomic family enjoys low-cost recreational activities, such as bowling or camping opportunities for effective bonding and communication Media The media pervades all aspects of life in our society, individuals are exposed to behaviours and opinions that are expressed on television, radio & internet * Parenting and caring relationships may emulate interactions in relationships in the media without even realising that they are doing so * Internet websites such as Facebook and MySpace can interrupt with family time Style of parenting Authoritarian * characterises a demanding and inflexible parent who usually has a preconceived goal to achieve * allow children to put little input into decisions that may affect them * this can result in the child being resentful and distant * My way or the highway Democratic * this style invites all family members to have a say in decisions made * children feel appreciated, especially when their ideas form part of the solution

Review for psychology pavlovs theory Essay

IDENTIFYING THE COMPONENTS OF A CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED solution For each of the following identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.1. black lovage is four years elderly. One night his parents decided to low-cal a fire in the family room fireplace. A burning ember jumped out of the fireplace and land on Alexanders leg, creating a nasty burn. He cried because the burn hurt. A week later, when Alexanders parents start to light another fire in the fireplace, Alexander begins to cry. (UCS burn UCR crying CS fire in the fireplace CR crying)2.Emily is movement to work during a heavy snowstorm when the brake lights on the car ahead of her bewilder on. She hits her brakes but is unable(p) to avoid smasher the car. She is ill shaken up in the accident. The next time she is driving in the snow she notices that she tenses up each time she sees brake lights seminal fluid on ahead of her. (UCS accident UCR shaken up CS driving in the snow CR tensing up)3.Bills mom followed the same routine bef ore serving dinnershe would put ice in the glasses and then c altogether come and get it, dinners ready. Immediately upon hearing those words, Bill would quickly run down the stairs. aft(prenominal) awhile, Bill would come running down the stairs when he heard the ice hitting the glasses. (UCS mom calling come and get it, dinners ready UCR running down the stairs CS ice hitting the glasses CR running down the stairs)4.Gary is the client relations officer at his firm. The ph unity in his office has caller id so that the client can be identified before he answers the ph unrivalled. After receiving a call with a vulgar client, Gary would be very annoyed and agitated. He began to notice that the rude calls tended to come from clients that were identified by a 1-800 number on the caller id. Therefore, whenever a 1-800 number appeared, he would become annoyed. (UCS call from a rude client UCR annoyance and agitation CS 1-800 number on the caller ID CR annoyance)5.When Ann was a college freshman, she was assigned to live in a very old dormitory. The old plumbing system produced a problem when one person was taking a shower and one person need to flush the toiletshortly after a person flushed the toilet, all of the cold peeing left the shower leaving only the hot water. The first time this happened, Ann was scalded by the hot water. She yelped and jumped back. The next day, as soon as she heard the toiletflush she jumped back. (UCS hot water on body UCR jumping back CS toilet flushing CR jumping back)IDENTIFYING OUTCOMES IN operative CONDITIONING Indicate whether each situation involves positive penalty, nix punishment, positive reinforcement or proscribe reinforcement. 1.Fred gets a speeding rag. (positive punishment)NOTE This exemplification can be used to demonstrate one of the limitations of punishmentsuppressing behavior but not eliminating it. Students will usually indicate that getting a speeding ticket leads some people to buy a radar detector2.Emily s professor compliments her make-up ability. (positive reinforcement)3.Zachary is expelled from school for cheating on an exam. (negative punishment) NOTE This example can be used to demonstrate that one persons punishment is another persons reinforcement. Expulsion from school is intended to be negative punishmentremoving the privilege of attending school, presumably a pleasant stimulus. However, students could view it as negative reinforcementremoving the annoying constraint of being forced to attend school, known (at least to some students) to be an unpleasant stimulus4.Leon goes to the health club for a rare workout and pushes himself so hard that his inherent body aches and he throws up. (positive punishment)5.Linda buys her daughter a candy bar so that she will not be embarrassed by her daughters temper tantrum. (negative reinforcement for Linda, positive reinforcement for the daughter) NOTE This example can be used to demonstrate that parents can unintentionally reinforce a childs behaviora nice warning for the students in class who may some day be parents.6.George shoots up heroin to ward off the symptoms associated with heroin drug withdrawal. (negative reinforcement) NOTE Some students will misidentify this as an example of positive reinforcement. They will indicate that shooting up heroin is pleasurable and presentation of a pleasant stimulus is the definition of positive reinforcement. Tell students that a situation can be viewed as either positive or negative reinforcement depending on how it is viewed. Shooting up heroin could be considered positive reinforcement if it is viewed from the perspective of producing a pleasurable high feeling.However, if it is viewed from the perspective of avoiding the aversive stimulus of withdrawal symptoms then it is an example of avoidance conditioninga pillowcase of negative reinforcement.7.Edna constantly complains about her married man to colleagues at work. Her co-workers get tired of her and no longer pr ovide her with sympathy. (negative punishment)TYPES OF FORGETTING For each of the following indicate which type of forgetting is responsible for each situation Alexander is having trouble using his new computer program because he keeps entering commands from the program he used to use. (proactive interference) Carolyn is in a serious boating accident. Afterwards, she cannot repute her form or where she lives. (retrograde amnesia) Although Scott used to drive a stick shift car, he can not cerebrate much about how to shift gears manually since lately he has been driving an automatic car. (retroactive interference) Jerry is unable to remember the name of a restaurant when his friend, George, comes by and says, I feel like I have died and gone(a) to heaven because Joan has finally agreed to go out with me. Suddenly, Jerry remembers the name of the restaurantTaco Heaven. (lack of an appropriate retrieval cue) Robert was the passenger in a car involved in a head-on collision. He has been unable to remember anything that has happened since the day of the accident. (anterograde amnesia)

Review of Literature on Employee Welfare Measures

About Us Our company Arun Textiles was started in the year 1989. With our constant endeavour and the craze to present excellent quality and cost-effective products to our clients, Arun Clothing Company was started in 1992. In this unit, we have about 300 machines with a capacity to produce 400,000 pieces per month. As part of expanding plan, we started Arun Spinning Mills (p) Ltd in 1998 and Sakthi Spintex (p) Ltd in 2011 overall capacity with 76,000 Spindles.We be a Government recognised Two Star Export kin from the year 1995 and from 1998 onwards we have been ISO 90012000 accredited firm by Det Norske Veritas, Netherlands. As we have got our own manufacturing facilities give care Spinning, Weaving and Knitting, we can guarantee for excellent quality, cost-effective and prompt delivery. We manufacture the products according to our guests specifications and requirements and all our products are exported to Europe and USA. While selling our existing products, we also look for n ew opportunities and products which can be done.Our class turnover is around US$ 20 Million and employing around 2000 people. BOARD OF theatre directorS P. SUBBARAMAN MANAGING DIRECTOR P. SUNDARARAJAN DIRECTOR (PURCHASE & ADMIN) P. VIJAYAKUMAR DIRECTOR (FINANCE) S. ARUNKUMAR DIRECTOR S. SAKTHIRANI DIRECTOR V. KARTHICK DIRECTOR character reference Policy ARUN TEXTILES GROUP are committed to Enhance customer satisfaction by manufacturing and delivering customer specified products on time, every time. Continually strive to improve our Quality Management System through active involvement of all our employees. Managing Director All Rights Reserved Arun Textiles

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Expansion of ideas No Pains, No Gains No Pains, No Gains We cannot gain real success in any field without great efffors and plenty of sacrifice. No pain, no gains is in truth true in case of education. Those who aspire to reach the top of the academic ladder must puddle very hard. Scholars are not born scholars but made with hard work and perseverance. What a pupil needs the most is concentration and perseverance. We must always imbibe into us the trine Ds Devotion, Dedication and Determination. These three Ds have help cricketers, painters, writers, actors,scholars, dramatists and world leaders.These three Ds will help us tosucceed in our livelihood. - - No Pain, No Gain Families everywhere deal with great challenges. With each obstacle they face generally the expiry will make each individual a little bit stronger. With these experiences our perspective in life changes and we become more knowledgeable. Girl and tiger Mending are two stories that I believe smoothen this in tw o very different ways.Jamaica Kincaids Girl is a story close to reflection. It is about a girl reflecting back upon the past. Maybe she just befuddled her aim or maybe she is great(p) and finally realizes why her come told her all of these things. At the time, Im sure she thought her mother was always on her and barking orders at her. She grew up in a different era. Times were different simply then based on the way they washed their clothes. Wash the white clothes on Monday and sick them on the st unrivaled heap, and soak your little clothes right after you take them off. All of the things the mother said were to mold her daughter into a good strong woman. The reference the mother makes to the daughter on not becoming a slut is kind of odd and disturbing. On Sundays try to walk worry a lady and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming, and this is how to playact in the presence of men who dont know you very well, and this way they wont recognize immediately the slut I have warned you against becoming. This maybe the mothers way of turnabout psychology. By putting hese thoughts and references in the girls head, she will think twice about things she does. The girl will not want to give the wrong impression and will strive to rise in a higher place her mothers expectations. This story refers to growth and even though it seems to be somewhat harsh, the mother is very striving for a smart productive daughter. A daughter she is proud to have raised and one who will also set a good example for her own children. Aimee Benders Tiger Mending is a story about change and growth. This story is about two sisters who have lost their parents and continues

Aristotle & Socrates Essay

Philosophy comes from the classical roots meaning the love of lore. Philosophers be someones who apply a compelling need to pursue wisdom. Since the pedigree of time, wise man and women have dedicated themselves to asking Big Questions. Depending on the questions, there are discordant areas of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemological, axiology, ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, social philosophy, and logic. Homework Make a Creative representation of someone (fictional or real) you consider a wise person. Be prepared to present it in class and explain what characteristics desexualize a person wise.Arche types Archetypes are basic images that represent our conception of the essence of a certain amiable of person. usu all(prenominal)y considered to be shared by all of humanity throughout time. Philosophical archetypes are philosophers who express an original or influential point of view in a way that signifi low livelinesstly come upons subsequent philosophe rs and non-philosophers. Western philosophy has been dominated by males of European ancestry. Relativism- Relativism is the belief that sleep together is determined by specific qualities of the observer.In other words, absolute (universal) association of the justice is impossible one opinion is as redeeming(prenominal) as another. Philosophy week 2 Pre- Socratic philosophy Asian keen-sighteds and the sage The Sage The sage is an archetypal fig. Who combines religious inspiration with a love of wisdom? Found in ancient Asia, they are the oldest philosophical archetypes, identifying happiness and teaching the good life. Asian cosmology is not ground on empirical (numbers, data, statistics) or scientific evidence.It contends (argues) that every involvement is workingharmoniously, following the Tao (Force or flow of energy in life), or the path or the way There is no separation between heaven and earth, foretell and human, but is working together all is one truth containing yi n and yang. Yin represents earth, weakness, darkness, negative, and destruction. Yang represents heaven, strength, light, positive and construction. One cannot live without the other, holding the universe in offset. Think Lao-tzu Confucius Siddhartha Gautama The Sophists (Meaning Wise in Greek) First professional educators, Charged fee to teach.Argued that the balance between a good and bad argument is custom and individual preference, nothing is bad or good in nature. They argued for relativism, both cultural and individual. diary 3 Read pages 59-60 Reflect upon ways you have been a victim of ethnocentrism. Reflect upon ways you are ethnocentric Reflect ways America is ethnocentric. Since 911. The some torso Socrates (470-399 B. C. E) was the first major western philosopher. He wrote no philosophy and what we know of him comes chiefly from his pupils Plato and Xenophon.Socrates challenged the sophists doctrines of relativism and moral world he often taught that beauty and good ness determined by utility (If it serves a economic consumption) His Teachings Socrates is most illustrious for his style of philosophical inquiry known as the Socratic Method or dialectic. Education is suppose to draw knowledge out of you instead of riding with you like an empty vessel. Among his teachings, his most persistent pedagogyal activity was know you. Believing an unexamined life was not worth living, he saw himself as a resistant of Physician of the soul. He believed that the real person is not the body, but the physics-mind-soul. Journal 5 Read the campaign and death of Socrates on pages 110-115 How does death and his art of dying relate to his teachings History Plato was a member of the Athenian aristocracy and Socratess most favorite and important student Athenian democracy was irrational riffraff rule. Founded famous academy to educate wise rulers In Platos metaphysics, the highest level of reality consists of timeless essences called cast of characterss. Pla tonic forms are independently existing, noncapital some-things Plato divided reality into to two worlds dualism.The highest level of reality is constant and changeless being. The other is the evolving physical world, known as the coming gibe to Plato the sophists could not discover rightfulness because they were preoccupied with the world of ever changing perceptions and customs. For Plato the chief explicition between knowledge and opinion is that knowledge is fixed, absolute and eternally received. Whereas opinion is unanchored and changeable. agree to plait opinion lives in the realm of becoming truth and knowledge are found on the level of being. The Divided line 133-135.The simile of the cheer 135-137 The allegory of the cvae137-139 The divided line A+B= World of Forms (Being, Knowledgeable) C+D= Physical world (Becoming Opinion) Metaphysics Epistemology(study of knowledge) high Forms(Example the good) A Understanding Lower Forms(Example Form human) B Reasoning S ensible Objects (Example aim Teresa) C. Perception Images(Example Mother Teresas Photograph) D. Imagination Simile of the sun Plato compared the absolute form of the good to the sun the good makes the cosmos of everything else possible.The good cannot t be observed by the five senses and can be known completely by pure thought or intelligence. It is the consultation of both the value and the existence of all other forms. Allegory of the cave In the allegory for the cave, Plato categorized ternion levels of awareness by referring to three distinct levels of reality two levels of becoming and one ultimate level of being. Lowest aim No resourcefulness or perception Informed level Wider range of basic understanding. Awakening Highest level head has no need for perception or interpretation.The Republic (Socrates book for perfect utopia) Plato agreed that there is a bilateral relationship between the individual and the kind of society in which he or she lives. The ideal aver , for Plato, meets three basic characteristics 1) Nourishing needs, 2) Protection needs 3) Ordering needs These needs are best met by three classes Workers, Warriors, Guardians or Philosopher Kings. The republic contrasts two views of morality. The instrumental theory of morality asserts that right and wrong essential be determined by the consequences our actions produce.The functionalist theory of morality holds that right and wrong can only be understood in terms of the way they affect our overall functioning as human beings. According to Plato, the just state functions fully the unjust state is dysfunctional, only when all classes of citizenry are unadulterated according to their natures is the state whole, healthy, balanced and just. In order to be a just human being, balanced. Virtuous. temperance, courage, wisdom, justice(essence and balance of the soul) Plato thought the worst kind of Gov. was a tyranny. And democracy was a tyranny.Democracy makes little tyrants out of e verybody. Journal 6 According to Platos philosophy, please answer these questions Carefully explain the relationship of the individual to the state in Platos Republic. Why is the relationship significant? What does Plato see as the most unjust type of person and state? Do you agree? Explain. Explain the origin and nature of democracy according to plan. Aristotle The person Aristotle was Platos most illustrious student and went on to be the personal tutor of horse parsley the great. He eventually created his own school called the lyceum.In contrast to Plato, Aristotle introduced the idea of naturalistic or scientific knowledge gained from collecting facts and usual factual info to make the world a better regularize. Aristotle was a naturalist. realness if the belief that reality consists of the natural world and that the universe is order. Everything follows discoverable laws of nature. His Philosophy Aristotle believed that form and matter can be intellectually separated but cann ot live independently in reality. The form of something is called its essence. Matter is the vernacular physical material stuff but it has no distinct characteristics without a form.Aristotelian form is that which is in matter and makes thing is what that is. So, individual things are formed matter. Aristotle argued that complete understanding of a thing needful identifying its four causes. 1st cause Material cause, the material thing is made of Cause formal cause. The form the thing takes cause Efficient cause, the triggering motion that begins the thing Cause Final cause, the Telis, or the ultimate purpose for which the thing exists. In living things, Aristotle called the final cause, Entelechy, meaning having its purpose within.He believed every living thing had an inner urge or a drive to become its unique self. He believed nature was ordered and guided internally. Journal 7 Consider the mentions on page 153. Please write a a couple of(prenominal) paragraphs for each one d escribing what they mean to you and how they relate to you. For Aristotle, psyche or soul is the form of the body. Soul is entelechy. interchangeable every other instance of form and matter, for Aristotle the soul cant be separated from the body and its body and its impossible to affect the body without also affecting the soul or to affect the soul without affecting the body.Aristotle taught that humans had a hierarchy of three kinds of souls, each higher level containing the aspects of the begin levels 1st level Lowest soul called vegetative or Nutritive, responsibility for absorption 2nd Level the sentient or sensitive soul, registers all info regarding form of other things. 3rd Level Highest Soul found in humans only, called rational soul, and includes the other two plus the capabilities for analysis, understanding relationships and decision-making. According to Aristotle the good is that which all things aim.It is their entelechy Eudemonia which often translated to happiness m eans being really alive rather than just existing. According to Aristotle happiness requires activity good habits and practical wisdom. Aristotelian moderation is based on the concept of wisdom hitting the distinguish between too very much and not enough Virtue consists of hitting the class or the mean but vice consist of being off by too much (excess) or too little (Deficiency) Journal 8 Read pages 172-176 Explain the importance of hitting the mark and character to Aristotles concept of happiness What is the principle of meaning?Philosophy study guide Academy- Alexander the Great An Unexamined Life Aristotelian Forms Aristotles Hierarchy of souls Aristotles Idea of a Good life Aristotles Teacher Entelechy Hitting the mark Lyceum Naturalism Platos 3 classes of people Platos feelings toward democracy Democracy Platos four cardinal virtues Platos teacher Platonic Forms Simile of the sun Socrates Death sentence Temperance The republic Three levels of human souls Tyranny ledger 1 e rudition Knowledge Theoretical Knowledge Practical Knowledge Belief Mere Belief Willed Ignorance Definition and Examplesjournal 2 Write how each of the eight paths are relevant in todays world journal 4 Socrates electric shock effect on Athens resulted in death, however it gave him a place in history as a great thinker wise sage. From pages 87-95, read each quote in the margins Please write the quote that shocks you and Reflect upon its meaning to you. Absolute truth is Truth with a capital T. What do we know so far? Modern Philosophy(How do you know that its authorized? ) After Christianity began to grow, most Europeans turned to god as the ultimate source of wisdom and the church as the ultimate authority.However, by the 17th century scientific ad advancements and the decline of the authority of a private church began the era of modern philosophy. It was a shift from metaphysics to epistemology. Rene Descartes(1596-1650) is the father of philosophy. He came up with rationa lism. Dcccd. edu then go to student services, then libraries. 3 ears of Western Philosophy- 1 Classical, what is truth? essentialism Modern- How do you know its true? Rationalism Rationalism is the epistemological position in which reason is said to be the primary source of all knowledge.Rationalist believe in the coherence theory of truth that new or unclear ideas should be evaluated in terms of rational or logical consistency and in relation to already established truth. Rationalism says that abstract reasoning can produce absolutely certain truths about reality and that some truths can be discovered without observation, experiment or experience. These truths are innate ideas or a priori ideas. A priori can be known without experience or experiment but Posteriori ideas are derived from experience and experiment.However he arrived at the cogito, ergo sum, latin for I think, therefore I am. This, along with a satisfactory belief in god, stood as his undoubtable truth. Journal 9 Pl ease do the philosophical queries(Green Boxes) on pgs. 252 and 253 Jeremy Bentham- resurrected hedonism, in direct response to the conservative ruling class in Britain. The result he created the superior happiness principle also known as the Principle of Utility, that states we should always act to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.Benthams hedonic calculus was a crude method of reducing stress to easy calculation of units of pleasure versus units of pain. Psychological hedonism- pain and pleasure determine what we shall do Ethical hedonism- pain and pleasure point to what we ought to do. Bentham extended the ethical reach of the pleasure principle beyond the human community to whatsoever creature with the capacity to suffer. He argued that insisting that animals deprivation moral worth was akin to racism. John stuart tarry He believed that there is an empirical basis supporting his claim that refined pleasures to crude ones.Mill disagreed with Bentham tha t all motives are egotistic and based his more refined philosophy in the social feelings of all people for unity with each other. Mill believed in the possibility of altruism, the capacity to promote wellbeing of others, he argued that the wishing of altruistic feelings and ignorance of the higher pleasures were products of poor education and harsh conditions, not quality of human nature. According to mill, the selfishness and lack of mental cultivation are the chief causes of unhappiness, and can be cured with a proper education and legislation.